Sarcoma de Kaposi oral en paciente seropositivo, fase sintomática avanzada. Presentación de caso / Oral Kaposi Sarcoma, advanced symptomatic phase, in a seropositive patient. Case presentation

RESUMEN Se presentó el caso clínico de un paciente seropositivo, en fase sintomática avanzada. Fue atendido en el Servicio de Medicina Interna del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Docente "León Cuervo Rubio", de la ciudad de Pinar del Río, por presentar disnea, astenia, anorexia y pérdida de peso. Al examen oral se constató lesión tumoral de la lengua que dificultaba la masticación y deglución. La biopsia mostró sarcoma de Kaposi asociado al VIH/sida. La evolución tórpida y el estadio tan avanzado de la enfermedad, propiciaron el deceso del paciente (AU).

ABSTRACT The authors presented the clinical case of a seropositive patient, in advanced symptomatic phase. The patient attended the Internal Medicine Service of the Teaching Clinical Surgical Hospital Leon Cuervo Rubio of Pinar del Rio, presenting dyspnea, asthenia, anorexia and weight loss. On the oral examination, a tumor lesion was found making difficult to chew and swallow. A biopsy showed Kaposi sarcoma associated to HIV/AIDS. The torpid evolution and disease's advanced stage propitiated the patient's death (AU).

Prevalencia y factores asociados a la tuberculosis y las micobacteriosis en pacientes positivos para HIV en Bogotá / Prevalence and risk factors associated to tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections in HIV-positive patients in Bogotá

Resumen Introducción. La tuberculosis es una de las enfermedades infecciosas de más amplia distribución en el mundo y constituye una de las primeras causas de muerte en pacientes con sida. En Colombia, en el 2015, se notificaron 12.918 casos de tuberculosis y 926 muertes. Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia y los factores asociados a infecciones micobacterianas en pacientes infectados con el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV) en dos hospitales públicos de Bogotá. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con búsqueda activa de casos de tuberculosis y micobacteriosis en pacientes positivos para HIV. Se estudiaron variables demográficas, sociales, clínicas y de hábitos personales. Los análisis estadísticos se hicieron con el programa Stata 13TM. Resultados. Se incluyeron en el estudio 356 pacientes: 81,2 % hombres y 18,8 %, mujeres, con una media de edad de 36,5 años. La frecuencia de la tuberculosis fue de 19,9 % (IC95% 15,9-24,5 %) y la de infecciones por micobacterias no tuberculosas, de 3,9 % (IC95% 2,16-6,5 %). El análisis bivariado evidenció una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la tuberculosis y el conteo de linfocitos TCD4+ (p=0,003), la carga viral (p=0,0008), el tratamiento antirretroviral (p=0,017) y un índice de masa corporal (IMC) menor de 18 kg/m2 (p=0,000). En las micobacteriosis solamente se presentó asociación estadísticamente significativa con el IMC (p=0,017) y con el conteo de linfocitos TCD4+ (p=0,045). Conclusión. Los factores asociados al deterioro del sistema inmunitario causados por el HIV, así como el no administrar el tratamiento antirretroviral de gran actividad y el IMC, constituyeron factores de riesgo para desarrollar la tuberculosis.

Abstract Introduction. Tuberculosis is one of the most widely distributed infectious diseases worldwide. It is the most common cause of mortality among AIDS patients. In Colombia, 12,918 tuberculosis cases were notified, and 926 deaths were reported in 2015. Objective. To determine the prevalence and risk factors associated to mycobacterial infections in HIV-positive patients in two public hospitals from Bogotá. Materials and methods. A prospective and descriptive study was carried out by an active search for tuberculosis cases and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections in HIV-positive patients. We considered demographic, social, clinical, and personal habits as variables. Statistical analyses were done using Stata 13TM software. Results. Three hundred and fifty six patients were included, 81.2% were men and 18.8% were women; the mean age was 36.5 years. Tuberculosis infection had a frequency of 19.9% (95% CI: 15.9-24.5%) and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection had a 3.9% frequency (95% CI: 2.16-6.5%). Bivariate analysis showed a statistically significant association between tuberculosis infection and CD4+ T cell counts (p=0.003), viral load (p=0.008), antiretroviral therapy (p=0.014), and body mass index (BMI) <18 kg/m2 (p=0.000). In non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections there was a statistically significant association with BMI (p=0.027) and CD4+ T cell counts (p=0.045). Conclusion. Factors associated with an impaired immune system caused by HIV infection are an important risk factor for developing tuberculosis. The lack of antiretroviral therapy and the BMI were also important risk factors for tuberculosis.

Incidence of Cervical Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Women with Positive and Negative HIV Status / Incidência de infecção cervical pelo vírus papiloma humano e neoplasia intraepitelial cervical em mulheres com sorologia positiva e negativa para o HIV

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the incidence and factors associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical infection by human papillomavirus (HPV) among HIV-positive and HIV-negative women. Methods A cohort of 103 HIV positive and 113 HIV negative women were monitored between October 2008 and February 2012, for at least one year. Procedures included cervical cytology, DNA/HPV detection by polymerase chain reaction, colposcopy with biopsy if necessary, followed by an interview for exposure characteristics data. CIN was based on the histopathological results. Results The incidence of CIN was of 8.8 and 4.6 cases/100 women-years in HIVpositive and HIV-negative women, respectively. HIV-positive women presented a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.8 for CIN and developed lesions earlier (0.86 year) than HIVnegative women (2 years) (p = 0.01). The risk of developing CIN decreased with age (HR = 0.9) and marital status (HR = 0.4). HPV patients presented a higher incidence of CIN when compared HIV-positive and HIV-negative women (p = 0.01). The incidence of HPV cervical infection was 18.1 and 11.4 cases/100 women-years in HIV-positive and HIV-negative women, respectively. Those HIV-positive presented earlier HPV infection (p = 0.002). The risk of developing HPV infection decreased with age and was higher among HIV-positive women. HPV 16 was the most common type in HIV-positive women, and also the type most closely associated with CIN in HIV-negative women. Conclusions HIV-positive women had a greater incidence of HPV and CIN, and in a shorter time interval. More rigorous and timely clinical control is required for this group.

Resumo Objetivos Avaliar a incidência e fatores associados com neoplasia intraepitelial cervical (NIC) e infecção cervical pelo Papiloma Vírus Humano (HPV) entre mulheres HIV positivas e negativas. Métodos Coorte de 103 mulheres positivas para o HIV e 113 negativas, que foram acompanhadas entre outubro de 2008 a fevereiro de 2012, com seguimento mínimo de um ano. Os procedimentos realizados foram coleta de material cervical para citologia oncótica e detecção do DNA/HPV pela reação em cadeia da polimerase, colposcopia seguida de biópsia, se necessário, e entrevista para obter dados e características de exposição. O diagnóstico de NIC foi baseado no resultado histopatológico das biópsias. Resultados A incidência pessoas-tempo de NIC foi de 8,8 e 4,6 casos/100 mulheresano para as mulheres HIV-positivas e HIV-negativas, respectivamente. As HIV-positivas apresentaram uma razão de risco (HR) de 2,8 para NIC e desenvolveram lesões mais precocemente (0,86 ano) do que as negativas (2 anos) (p = 0,01). O risco de desenvolver NIC diminuiu com a idade (HR = 0,9) e o estado civil (HR = 0,4). Pacientes com HPV apresentaram maior incidência de NIC, quando comparadas as mulheres HIVpositivas e as negativas (47,6 10,5%) (p = 0,01). A incidência de infecção cervical pelo HPV, por pessoa/tempo, foi de 18,1 e 11,4 casos/100 mulheres-ano, respectivamente para mulheres HIV-positivas e negativas. As HIV-positivas apresentaram HPV mais precocemente (p = 0,002). O risco de apresentar HPV diminuiu com a idade e foi maior entre as HIV-positivas. O HPV 16 foi o tipo mais comum entre as mulheres HIVpositivas. Conclusões As mulheres HIV-positivas tiveram maior incidência de HPV e NIC, e um menor intervalo de tempo. Controle clínico mais rigoroso e oportuno é requerido para este grupo.

MENINGOENCEPHALITIS DUE TO VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS IN AIDS PATIENTS. REPORT OF ELEVEN CASES AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE / Meningoencefalite pelo vírus varicela-zoster em pacientes com AIDS. Relato de onze casos e revisão da literatura

Neurological complications of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) are infrequent and include various clinical pictures. The reactivation of VZV in patients with AIDS is generally associated with an acute and severe meningoencephalitis. We report the epidemiological, clinical and virological data from 11 consecutive patients with diagnosis of HIV/AIDS and central nervous system (CNS) involvement due to VZV. All patients were male and seropositive for HIV. The primary risk factor for HIV infection was unprotected sexual contact. The median of CD4 T cell count was 142 cells/µL. All of them presented signs and symptoms of meningoencephalitis. Six patients (54.5%) presented pleocytosis; they all showed high CSF protein concentrations with a median of 2.1 g/dL. Polymerase chain reaction of cerebrospinal fluid specimen was positive for VZV in all of them and they were treated with intravenous acyclovir at doses of 30/mg/kg/day for 21 days. Overall survival was 63% (7 of 11 patients). The four dead patients had low cellular counts in CSF, below the median of this parameter. VZV should be included among the opportunistic pathogens that can involve CNS with a diffuse and severe meningoencephalitis in patients with advanced HIV/AIDS disease.

As complicações neurológicas do vírus varicela-zoster (VVZ) são pouco frequentes e incluem vários quadros clínicos. A reativação do VVZ em pacientes com AIDS é geralmente associada com meningoencefalite aguda e grave. Nós relatamos os dados epidemiológicos, clínicos e virológicos de onze pacientes consecutivos com diagnóstico de HIV/AIDS e comprometimento do sistema nervoso central (SNC) devido ao VVZ. Todos os pacientes eram do sexo masculino e soropositivos para HIV. O principal fator de risco para a infecção pelo HIV foi o contato sexual sem proteção. A mediana da contagem de células CD4 T foi de 142 cel/µL. Todos apresentavam sinais e sintomas devido à meningoencefalite. Seis pacientes (54,5%) apresentaram pleiocitose; todos apresentaram hiperproteinorraquia com mediana de 2,1 g/dL. A reação em cadeia da polimerase de amostra do líquido cefalorraquidiano foi positiva para VVZ em todos eles. Todos os pacientes foram tratados com aciclovir por via intravenosa em doses de 30 mg/kg/dia durante 21 dias. A sobrevida global foi de 63% (sete de 11 pacientes). Os quatro pacientes mortos tiveram uma escassa resposta celular no LCR abaixo da mediana para este parâmetro. O VVZ deve ser incluído entre os patógenos oportunistas que podem comprometer o SNC com meningoencefalite difusa e grave em pacientes com doença avançada por HIV/SIDA.

Prevalência de infecção cervical por papilomavírus humano e neoplasia intraepitelial cervical em mulheres HIV-positivas e negativas / Prevalence of cervical infection by human papillomavirus and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-positive and negative women

OBJETIVO: Realizar estudo comparativo entre mulheres positivas e negativas para o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), analisando: prevalência de neoplasia intraepitelial cervical (NIC) e infecção cervical pelo papilomavírus humano (HPV); risco viral e relação com desenvolvimento de NIC; parâmetros sociodemográficos e de comportamento que influenciaram na presença de infecção cervical por HPV e NIC. MÉTODOS: Estudo comparativo entre mulheres positivas e negativas para o HIV, sendo analisadas, respectivamente, 202 e 171 mulheres para avaliar a prevalência de NIC e 164 e 100 mulheres para avaliar a prevalência de infecção cervical pelo HPV. Em todas as consultas foram realizados: coleta de amostras cervicais para realização de citologia oncótica e reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para detecção do DNA-HPV; colposcopia; questionário padronizado para coleta de dados demográficos/comportamentais; biópsia de todas as alterações colposcópicas. O exame histopatológico foi o padrão-ouro para o diagnóstico de NIC. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de NIC foi de 2,4 e 15,3% (p<0,001) e de infecção cervical pelo HPV foi de 37,1 e 55,5% (p=0,002), respectivamente, nas negativas e positivas para o HIV. As soropositivas tiveram mais infecção por HPV de alto risco (35,7 e 23,6%; p=0,02) e por múltiplos tipos (6,2 e 0%). O HPV 16 foi o tipo prevalente, ocorrendo em 11,3 e 10,2% das positivas e negativas para o HIV e também nas mulheres que tiveram NIC nos dois grupos. Os fatores associados ao desenvolvimento de NIC foram: infecção pelo HIV (HT=4,64; IC95% 2,23-9,65), idade (HT=0,95; IC95% 0,93-0,98 para cada ano de vida) e estado civil (HT=0,49; IC95% 0,30-0,80). Os fatores associados à infecção pelo HPV foram: presença do HIV (HT=2,72; IC95% 1,77-4,17), maior número de parceiros sexuais (HT=1,87; IC95% 1,23-2,84), idade (HT=0,97; IC95% 0,95-0,99 para cada ano de vida) e estado civil (HT=0,65: IC95% 0,42-1,0 para união estável/viúvas). CONCLUSÃO: A ...

PURPOSE: To conduct a comparative study between two groups of women (HIV positive and negative) analyzing: the prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical HPV infection; viral risk and relationship with development of CIN; and sociodemographic and behavioral parameters that influence cervical HPV infection and the development of CIN. METHODS: A cross-sectional study in which 202 HIV-positive women and 164 HIV-negative women were analyzed to assess the prevalence of CIN and 171 HIV-positive women and 160 HIV-negative women were analyzed to assess the prevalence of cervical HPV infection. The following procedures were performed on the occasion of each medical visit: collection of cervical samples for cytology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect HPV DNA; colposcopy; standardized questionnaire to collect demographic and behavioral data; and biopsy of all colposcopic changes. Histopathology was the gold standard for the diagnosis of CIN. RESULTS: The prevalence of CIN was 2.4 and 15.3% (p<0.001) and the prevalence of cervical HPV infection was 37.1 and 55.5% (p=0.002), respectively, among HIV-negative and -positive women. HIV-positive women had a higher risk of HPV infection (35.7 and 23.6%) (p=0.02). HPV 16 was the most prevalent virus type, occurring in 11.3 and 10.2% of HIV-positive and negative women and was also more prevalent among women presenting CIN in both groups. Factors associated fwith the development of CIN were: HIV infection (HT=4.64; 95%CI 2.23-9.65), age (HT=0.95; 95%CI 0.93-0.98 for each year of life) and marital status (HT=0.49; 95%CI 0.30-0.80). Associated factors for HPV infection were: HIV presence (HT=2.72; 95%CI 1.77-4.17), greater number of sexual partners (HT=1.87; 95%CI 1.23-2.84), age (HT=0.97; 95%CI 0.95-0.99 for each year of life) and marital status (HT=0.65; 95%CI 0.42-1.0 for stable union/widows). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of CIN and cervical HPV infection was higher in ...

Diagnóstico genotípico y fenotípico de tuberculosis ósea y miliar en un paciente positivo para HIV en Bogotá, Colombia / Phenotypic and genotypic diagnosis of bone and miliary tuberculosis in an HIV+ patient in Bogotá, Colombia

La tuberculosis se considera la causa más frecuente de muerte producida por un solo agente infeccioso. El diagnóstico de la tuberculosis extrapulmonar no siempre es posible mediante los métodos convencionales debido al lento crecimiento del bacilo y a la naturaleza paucibacilar de las muestras, por lo que es necesario recurrir a las técnicas moleculares. El riesgo de tuberculosis, así como la mortalidad, aumenta en los pacientes con infección por HIV, en quienes el compromiso extrapulmonar es más frecuente. Se describe el caso de un hombre mestizo de 56 años de edad con sospecha de padecer tuberculosis, que asistió a consulta en el Hospital San Ignacio de Bogotá y relató haber tenido dolor en una lesión ulcerada localizada en el tercio distal del antebrazo derecho durante los dos meses anteriores y en quien se confirmó la infección por HIV. El examen histológico de los tejidos óseo y pulmonar demostró la presencia de granulomas múltiples, células gigantes y fibrosis. Tanto los cultivos como la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en la secuencia de inserción 6110 ( insertion sequence , IS6110) fueron positivos. Los aislamientos de Mycobacterium tuberculosis recuperados fueron sensibles a los medicamentos antituberculosos de primera línea.

Tuberculosis is the single most frequent cause of death by an infectious agent worldwide. Diagnosis of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis is not always possible through conventional methods, due to the long time required for cultures and the paucibacillary nature of samples; hence the need of rapid molecular methods. HIV infection increases the risk of tuberculosis, and HIV/tuberculosis coinfection is associated with higher mortality. We describe the case of a 56-year old mestizo male patient suspected of having tuberculosis who consulted the San Ignacio Hospital in Bogotá with a two-month history of a painful ulcerated lesion over the distal third area of the right forearm and in whom HIV coinfection was confirmed. Bone and pulmonary histological examination evidenced multiple granulomas, giant cells and fibrosis. Cultures and IS6110-PCR from lung and bone tissues were positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were sensitive to first line drugs.

Características microbiológicas y epidemiológicas de la infección del torrente sanguíneo en pacientes HIV/SIDA / Microbiological and epidemiological characteristics of bloodstream infection in HIV / AIDS patients

INTRODUCCIÓN: los individuos seropositivos al virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana, tienen un alto riesgo para desarrollar una infección del torrente sanguíneo. OBJETIVO: identificar los agentes etiológicos y los factores de riesgo asociados a esta entidad. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio observacional prospectivo desde febrero hasta diciembre de 2012. El universo estuvo conformado por 118 pacientes. La identificación microbiana se realizó mediante el sistema automatizado VITEK 2 Compact. Para determinar la asociación entre las variables se calculó la razón de prevalencia. RESULTADOS: Predominaron los pacientes del sexo masculino, con edades entre 41-50 años, severamente inmunodeprimido y con terapia antirretroviral. La mayoría de los aislamientos correspondieron a las enterobacterias, con predominio de Klebsiella pneumoniae. Staphylococcus aureus constituyó la principal bacteria grampositiva aislada. Las variables que se asociaron con el desarrollo de enfermedad invasiva fueron: el empleo de catéter venoso central, el tratamiento con hemodiálisis y la estadía hospitalaria mayor de 7 días. CONCLUSIONES: se ratifica a las bacterias gramnegativas como importantes agentes causales de bacteriemia en los pacientes VIH/sida. Los procederes invasivos constituyen los principales factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de bacteriemia en pacientes VIH positivos.

INTRODUCTION: human immunodeficiency virus seropositive individuals are at high risk for developing a bloodstream infection. OBJECTIVE: to identify the etiologic agents and risk factors associated with this entity. METHODS: a prospective observational study was conducted from February to December 2012. The study group consisted of 118 patients. Microbial identification was performed by the VITEK 2 Compact automated system. Variables were calculated to determine the association between the prevalence ratio. RESULTS: predominance of male patients, aged 41-50 years, severely immunecompromised and undergoing antiretroviral therapy was observed. Enterobacter Staphylococcus aureus was the main isolated Gram-positive bacterium. CONCLUSIONS: gram-negative bacteria are ratified as important causative agents of bacteremia in HIV / AIDS patients. The invasive procedures are major risk factors for the development of bacteremia in HIV positive patients

Miocarditis aguda y meningoencefalitis por Trypanosoma cruzi en un paciente seropositivo al VIH / Acute miocarditis and meningoencephalitis caused by Trypanosoma cruzi in an HIV-seropositive patient

La enfermedad de Chagas, endémica en Argentina, transcurre en dos fases: aguda y crónica. En los pacientes seropositivos al VIH, el Trypanosoma cruzi afecta a aquellos con inmunodeficiencia severa, se localiza principalmente en el sistema nervioso central y menos frecuentemente en el miocardio. La distinción entre miocarditis aguda y reactivación de la infección crónica, no es sencilla. El bajo recuento de linfocitos T CD4+ es un factor predictivo positivo de reactivación. En los enfermos con inmunodeficiencia avanzada, los resultados negativos de las pruebas serológicas no excluyen el diagnóstico de enfermedad de Chagas, que se confirma por la aplicación de métodos directos en sangre o líquido cefalorraquídeo. Se presenta el caso de un paciente infectado por el VIH, adquirido por transmisión vertical, con inmunodeficiencia severa, miocarditis aguda y compromiso del SNC. La parasitemia y parasitorraquia positivas para T. cruzi, establecieron la asociación de estos síntomas con la enfermedad de Chagas(AU)

Chagas disease, endemic in Argentina, goes through two stages: acute and chronic. In VIH seropositive patients, Trypanosomacruzi affects those with severe immunodeficiency; it is mainly located in the central nervous system and less frequently in the myocardium. Distinction between acute myocarditis and chronic infection reactivation is not simple. Low T CD4+ lymphocyte count is a positive predictive factor of reactivation. In patients with advanced immunodeficiency, negative results of serological tests do not exclude diagnosis of Chagas disease which may bre confirmed through the application of direct methods in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. The case of a VIH infected patient who got the disease through vertical transmission with severe immunodeficiency, acute myocarditis and central nervous system damage. Positive parasitemia and parasitorrachya for T. cruzi established the association between these symptoms and Chagas disease(AU)

Local control of human papillomavirus infection after anal condylomata acuminata eradication / Controle local da infecção perianal pelo papilomavirus humano após a erradicação dos condilomas acuminados

OBJECTIVE: To verify whether the eradication of anal condylomata acuminata was effective for local control of HPV infection using anal colposcopy and anal brush cytology. METHODS: We evaluated 147 patients treated for anal margin and/or anal canal condyloma, with 108 HIV-positive and 39 HIV-negative individuals. The average age for males was 40 years for HIV-positive and 27.5 for HIV-negative. In females, the mean age was 37.5 years for HIV-positive and 31.5 for HIV-negative. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients (16.3%) had normal cytology and anal colposcopy, 16 (10.9%) normal cytology and altered anal colposcopy, 52 (35.4%) normal anal colposcopy and altered cytology, and 55 (37.4%) had altered cytology and anal colposcopy. CONCLUSION: the eradication of clinical lesions failed to locally control HPV infection. .

OBJETIVO: verificar se a erradicação dos condilomas acuminados perianais foi efetiva no controle local da infecção pelo HPV, utilizando a colposcopia anal e a citologia anal com escova. MÉTODOS: avaliamos 147 pacientes tratados de condiloma da margem e/ou canal anal, sendo 108 HIV-positivos e 39 HIV-negativos. A média etária no sexo masculino foi 40 anos para os HIV-positivos e 27,5 anos para os HIV-negativos. No sexo feminino, a média etária foi 37,5 anos para os HIV positivos e 31,5 anos HIV-negativos. RESULTADOS: vinte e quatro pacientes (16,3%) apresentavam citologia e colposcopia normais, 16 (10,9%) citologia normal e colposcopia alterada, 52 (35,4%) citologia alterada e colposcopia normal e 55 (37,4%) citologia e colposcopia alteradas. CONCLUSÃO: a erradicação das lesões clínicas não controlou localmente a infecção pelo HPV. .

Prevalencia de microsporidios intestinales y otros enteroparásitos en pacientes con VIH positivo de Maracaibo, Venezuela / Prevalence of intestinal microsporidia and other intestinal parasites in hiv positive patients from Maracaibo, Venezuela.

Introducción. Desde 1985, los microsporidios se consideran parásitos causantes de infecciones emergentes y oportunistas en individuos inmunocomprometidos en todo el mundo. Objetivo. Detectar la presencia de microsporidios y otros enteroparásitos en pacientes con VIH/sida del Servicio Autónomo Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo (SAHUM), donde no existían estudios previos en este campo. Materiales y métodos. Las muestras fecales se analizaron mediante examen directo, método de concentración con formol-éter, coloración de Kinyoun y coloración Gram-cromotropo rápida. Se realizaron PCR separadas para diferenciar Entamoeba histolytica o Entamoeba dispar , cuando se observó el complejo E. histolytica/dispar al microscopio. Mediante historia clínica se obtuvo información del paciente. Resultados. De los 56 individuos participantes, 38 (67,86 %) presentaron alguna especie parasitaria comensal o patógena en su muestra fecal. Predominaron los individuos portadores de especies parásitas patógenas (26/38). Fueron diagnosticados protozoos como Isospora belli (17,65 %), Blastocystis spp .(17,65 %), Cryptosporidium spp. (7,84 %), complejo Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (5,88 %) , Entamoeba coli (3,92 %) , Giardia lamblia (3,92 %) , Endolimax nana (3,92 %) , Cyclospora cayetanensis (3,92 %) y Chilomastix mesnili (1,96 %). Entre los helmintos, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura y Strongyloides stercoralis, presentaron un porcentaje de 27,27 % cada uno, e Hymenolepis nana , de 18,18 %. Solo se detectó E. histolytica en uno de los tres casos que presentaron el complejo al examen microscópico. Mediante Gram-cromotropo, 17 muestras evidenciaron esporas del filo Microsporidia, lo que equivale a un 33,33 % de prevalencia. Conclusión. Los microsporidios pueden ocupar el primer lugar de prevalencia en pacientes con VIH positivo, cuando se utilizan técnicas diagnósticas específicas.

Objective: To detect the presence of microsporidia and other enteric parasites in patients with HIVAIDS of the Autonomous Services University Hospital of Maracaibo (SAHUM), where there are no previous studies in this field. Materials and methods: Fecal samples were analyzed by means of direct exam, concetration method with formal-ether, Kinyoun coloration and fast Gram-Chromotrope coloration. Separate PCR were perfomed to differentiate Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar , when the E. histolytica/E. dispar complex was observed in the microscope. Information on the patient was obtained trough clinical history. Results: Of 56 individuals that participated, 38 (67.86%) presented some commensal parasite and/ or pathogenic species in their fecal sample. Carriers of pathogenic species were predominat (26/38). Protozoa such as Isospora belli protozoa (17.65%), Blastocystis spp. (17.65%), Cryptosporidium spp. (7.84%), E. histolytica/E. dispar (5.88%), Entamoeba coli (3.92%), Giardia lamblia (3.92%), Endolimax nana (3.92%), Cyclospora cayetanensis (3.92%), and Chilomastix mesnilli (1.96%) were diagnosed. Among the helminths, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Strongyloides stercoralis , had a percentage of 27.27% each, and Hymenolepis nana , 18.18%. Entamoeba histolytica was only detected in one of three cases presenting complex microscopic examination. By Gram-chromotrope, 17 samples showed spores of the Microsporidia phylum, equivalent to 33.33% prevalence. Conclusion: Microsporidia may be first prevalente in HIV positive patients when specific diagnostic techniques are used.

Perfil epidemiológico dos indivíduos HIV positivo e coinfecção HIV-Leishmania em um serviço de referência em São Luís, MA, Brasil / The epidemiological profile of HIV-positive individuals and HIV-Leishmaniasis co-infection in a referral center in São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil

A Aids é um problema de saúde pública e a Leishmaniose visceral (LV) a forma mais frequente de coinfecção. O objetivo é descrever aspectos epidemiológicos dos indivíduos HIV positivo e investigar a ocorrência de coinfecção HIV-Leishmania. Trata-se de estudo descritivo realizado com 287 indivíduos HIV positivo atendidos no Centro de Referência para DST/Aids em São Luís (MA). Foi realizado teste de Intradermorreação de Montenegro, aspirado de medula óssea para detecção da infecção por Leishmania sp e aplicado um questionário na coleta dos dados epidemiológicos. O teste qui-quadrado foi usado para diferenças entre gênero, com p < 0,05 de significância. Houve significância estatística entre os homens relacionados ao uso de fossa séptica e renda até dois salários. Quanto à exposição, foi predominante a categoria heterossexual para ambos os sexos, sendo observado um aumento entre as mulheres. Entre os indivíduos HIV positivo 4,2% apresentavam sintomatologia sugestiva de LV sendo identificadas formas amastigotas para Leishmania sp no aspirado de medula óssea. O perfil dos indivíduos HIV positivo não diferiu de outras regiões do Brasil com predomínio de jovens em idade produtiva, sendo constatada uma sobreposição das áreas de transmissão para a coinfecção HIV-LV.

AIDS is a public health problem and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the most frequent co-infection. This study seeks to describe the epidemiological aspects of HIV-positive individuals and to investigate the occurrence of HIV-Leishmania co-infection. It is a descriptive study with 287 HIV=positive individuals assisted at the reference center for HIV/AIDS in São Luís, MA. Montenegro's intradermal reaction and bone marrow aspiration were performed for detecting the Leishmania sp. infection. Epidemiological data were collected by means of a questionnaire. The chi-square test was used for gender differences, with p < 0.05 of statistical significance level. There was statistical significance among men regarding the use of septic tanks, and income of up to two salaries. Regarding exposure, heterosexual orientation was the most frequent category for both genders, and we observed an increase in this category among women. Among HIV-positive individuals, 4.2% had suggestive symptoms of VL with identification of Leishmania amastigotes in bone marrow aspirate (myelogram). The profile of HIV-positive individuals did not differ from what is commonly found in Brazil, with predominance of young people of productive age. Furthermore, a superposition of the transmission areas for HIV-LV co-infection was found.

Social and environmental factors associated with the hospitalization of tuberculosis patients / Fatores sociais e ambientais associados à hospitalização de pacientes com tuberculose / Los factores sociales y ambientales asociados a la hospitalización de los pacientes con tuberculosis

OBJECTIVE: to identify social and environmental factors associated with hospitalization of tuberculosis (TB) patients in Manaus, Amazonas, during 2010. METHODS: this is a quantitative cross-sectional epidemiological study, with primary data collection and analysis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), based on seropositive status. RESULTS: Among social factors for TB-HIV co-infection, the association between alcohol use and dependence was significant for employed workers; among non-co-infections, the association between income less than one minimum wage (U.S. $200) and retired people, Bolsa Família Program [Family Allowance]/other social benefits was significant. Regarding environmental factors, the association was significant for TB-HIV co-infection among those not having their own house, having masonry housing and daily garbage collection; and among non-co-infection, owning their own house, no masonry housing and lack of daily garbage collection was significant. CONCLUSION: The findings indicated that not only social factors, but also environmental ones are associated with hospitalization of tuberculosis patients, and such associations differ according to TB-HIV co-infection. Findings revealed that the non-biological factors associated with hospitalization of tuberculosis patients should be considered when caring patients with this disease. .

OBJETIVO: identificar os fatores sociais e ambientais associados à hospitalização de pacientes com tuberculose, em Manaus, Amazonas, em 2010. MÉTODOS: trata-se de estudo epidemiológico transversal e quantitativo, com coleta de dados primários e análise do vírus da imunodeficiência humana, com base na soropositividade. RESULTADOS: entre os fatores sociais para a coinfecção tuberculose/vírus da imunodeficiência humana, foi significativa a associação entre o uso e dependência de álcool de trabalhadores empregados e entre os não coinfectados, a associação entre renda inferior a um salário-mínimo (200 dólares norte-americanos) e aposentados, Programa Bolsa Família/outros benefícios sociais foi significativa. Em relação aos fatores ambientais, a associação foi significativa para coinfecção tuberculose/vírus da imunodeficiência humana entre aqueles que não têm a sua própria casa, tendo habitação de alvenaria e coleta de lixo diária, e entre os não coinfectados, possuindo sua própria casa, sem moradia de alvenaria e falta de coleta de lixo diária foi significativa. CONCLUSÃO: os resultados indicaram que não só fatores sociais, mas, também, os ambientais estão associados à internação de pacientes com tuberculose, e essas associações diferem de acordo com a coinfecçãotuberculose/vírus da imunodeficiência humana. .

OBJETIVO: identificar los factores sociales y ambientales asociados con la hospitalización de de los pacientes con tuberculosis (TB) en Manaus, Amazonas, durante el año 2010. MÉTODOS: se trata de un análisis cuantitativo de corte transversal estudio epidemiológico, con la recolección de datos primarios y el análisis de virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), en estado seropositivo. RESULTADOS: Entre los factores sociales para la TB-VIH-SIDA, la asociación entre el consumo de alcohol y la dependencia fue significativa para los trabajadores empleados, entre los no co-infectados, la relación entre ingresos inferiores a un salario mínimo (EE.UU. $ 200) y los jubilados, Programa Bolsa Família [Asignación Familiar] / otras prestaciones sociales fue significativa. En cuanto a los factores ambientales, la asociación fue significativa para TB-VIH-SIDA entre las personas que no tenían casa, que tenían una vivienda de mampostería y que había recolección de basura diariamente, y entre los no-co-infectados, ser dueño de su propia casa, sin viviendas de mampostería y la falta de recolección de basura diaria fue significativa. CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados indicaron que no sólo los factores sociales, sino también los ambientales están asociados a la hospitalización de los pacientes con tuberculosis, y estas asociaciones difieren de acuerdo con la correlación TB-VIH-SIDA. .

Risk factors of HIV-related oral lesions in adults / Fatores de risco de lesões bucais associadas ao HIV em adultos / Factores de riesgo de lesiones bucales asociadas al VIH en adultos

OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk factors in the occurrence of oral lesions in HIV-positive adults. METHODS: A retrospective analytical-descriptive survey was conducted using the medical/dental records of 534 patients with oral lesions associated with HIV. The data were collected from five referral centers for managing HIV and associated comorbidities in the city of Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil, between 1996 and 2011. Using a standardized form, socio-demographic and clinical data were recorded. Exclusively and definitively diagnosed oral pathologies were included and classified according to ECC criteria on Oral Problems Related to HIV Infection. For data analysis cross-tabulations, Chi-squared tests and logistic regression models were used where appropriate. RESULTS: CD4+ counts lower than 350 cells/mm³ (p < 0.001), alcohol consumption (p = 0.011) and female gender (p = 0.031) were predisposing factors for oral candidiasis. The occurrence of hairy leukoplakia was independently associated with CD4+ counts below 500 cells/mm³, (p = 0.029) a viral load above 5,000 copies/mm³ (p = 0.003) and smoking (p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Moderate and severe degrees of immunodeficiency and detectable viral loads were risk factors for the onset of oral lesions. Smoking and alcohol consumption also increased susceptibility to the development of opportunistic infections in HIV-positive adults from Porto Alegre, irrespective of the use of antiretroviral therapy.

OBJETIVO: Analisar fatores de risco para a ocorrência de lesões bucais em adultos soropositivos para o HIV. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, descritivo analítico de prontuários médicos/odontológicos de 534 pacientes com lesões bucais associadas ao HIV em Porto Alegre, RS, no período de 1996 a 2011. Os dados foram coletados em cinco centros de referência em saúde para o atendimento de portadores do HIV e comorbidades associadas. Os dados sociodemográficos e clínico-laboratoriais foram coletados em formulários padronizados. Foram incluídos dados exclusivamente de lesões com diagnóstico definitivo e classificadas de acordo com os critérios da ECC on Oral Problems Related to HIV Infection. A análise dos dados foi realizada mediante a aplicação de tabulações cruzadas, teste do Qui-quadrado e modelos de regressão logística. RESULTADOS: Níveis de CD4+ < 350 células/mm³ (p < 0,001), consumo de álcool (p = 0,011) e sexo feminino (p = 0,031) foram predisponentes para candidíase bucal. A ocorrência de leucoplasia pilosa foi associada com contagens de CD4+ < 500 células/mm³ (p = 0,029), cargas virais > 5.000 cópias/mm³ (p = 0,003) e tabagismo (p = 0,005). CONCLUSÕES: Graus de imunodeficiência moderados e severos e cargas virais detectáveis foram fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de lesões bucais. O consumo de tabaco e álcool aumentou a suscetibilidade de desenvolver infecções oportunistas em adultos HIV positivos, independentemente do uso de terapia antirretroviral.

OBJETIVO: Analizar factores de riesgo para la ocurrencia de lesiones bucales en adultos seropositivos para VIH. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal, descriptivo analítico de prontuarios médicos/odontológicos de 534 pacientes con lesiones bucales asociadas al VIH en Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, en el período de 1996 a 2011. Los datos se colectaron en cinco centros de referencia en salud para la atención de portadores del VIH y comorbilidades asociadas. Los datos sociodemográficos y clínico-laboratoriales se colectaron en formularios estandarizados. Se incluyeron datos exclusivamente de lesiones con diagnóstico y clasificadas de acuerdo con los criterios de la ECC on Oral Problems Related to HIV Infection. El análisis de los datos fue realizado mediante la aplicación de tabulaciones cruzadas, prueba de Chi-cuadrado y modelos de regresión logística. RESULTADOS: Niveles de CD4+ < 350 células/mm³ (p<0,001), consumo de alcohol (p=0,011) y sexo femenino (p = 0,031) predispusieron para candidiasis bucal. La ocurrencia de leucoplasia pilosa estuvo asociada con contaje de CD4+ < 500 células/mm³ (p = 0,029), cargas virales > 5.000 copias/mm³ (p = 0,003) y tabaquismo (p = 0,005). CONCLUSIONES: Grados de inmunodeficiencia moderados y severos y cargas virales detectables fueron factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de lesiones bucales. El consumo de tabaco y alcohol aumentó la susceptibilidad de desarrollar infecciones oportunistas en adultos VIH positivos, independientemente del uso de terapia anti=retroviral.

HIV positivity in TB suspects - An observational, nonrandomized study.

Aims: The present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of TB, HIV, and TB- HIV co-infection in 618 patients who attended the health institute for TB diagnosis and treatment at a rural tertiary care hospital in Punjab. Methods: Pulmonary T.B was diagnosed by sputum smear microscopy, culture and extra-pulmonary TB was diagnosed by X-ray, CT and other methods.HIV diagnosis was made by testing the sera by 3E/R/S (ELISA/RAPID/SIMPLE) tests as per NACO guidelines. Results: Of the total 618 patients, 74(12%) were patients of pulmonary TB, out of whom 72 were diagnosed by Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) staining and two were diagnosed by culture as the ZN stained smear was negative, 169(27.3%) were cases of extra-pulmonary TB. Three out of 618 were HIV positive. 1.23% were TB- HIV co-infected. Conclusion: The risk of developing TB increases in patients with HIV. So, HIV and TB programmes should be collaborated together and should be closely integrated with medical care to curb the spread of these deadly diseases.

TB/HIV coordination through public private partnership: Lessons from the field.

Background: Co-infection with tuberculosis adversely affects the quality of life of HIV infected individuals and additionally, HIV testing among TB patients gives an opportunity for prevention and treatment of HIV infection. TB-HIV coordination activities are therefore a good public health intervention. Methods: It was a three-year Public Private Partnership Project, implemented in four districts of Maharashtra, to improve access to public health facilities through community awareness and motivating referrals. Outreach workers were engaged to motivate patients attending Integrated Counselling and Testing Centres (ICTCs) and Designated Microscopy Centres (DMCs) for cross referrals and adherence to services. Community leaders and private health providers were sensitized to issues around TB and HIV/AIDS. Observations: 357 outreach workers referred 17,200 individuals for HIV testing and 32,549 TB suspects were referred for testing. An average of 18% TB cases (13% to 26%) and 7% (4% to 13%) HIV infected cases were identified. Involvement of PLHA and cured TB patients can better motivate symptomatics to avail of diagnostic services. Erratic funding affects smooth implementation of programmes. Conclusion: Public Private Partnerships improve access to care. Constant dialogue between all stake holders is essential for successful implementation of such partnerships.

Transplante renal em pacientes HIV positivos: relato de dois casos da experiência inicial do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre / Kidney transplantation in HIV positive patients: two case reports from Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre initial experience

Recentemente, o transplante renal passou a ser uma modalidade terapêutica aceita para o tratamento de pacientes renais crônicos terminais infectados pelo HIV. Para tal, há necessidade de estabilidade de parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais relacionados à infecção pelo HIV e do uso de terapia antiretroviral de elevada eficiência. Neste relato, apresentamos os dois primeiros casos no Brasil de pacientes portadores de infecção pelo HIV transplantados com órgãos de doadores falecidos realizados com sucesso em nossa instituição. As interações entre os imunossupressores e as drogas antiretrovirais, as coinfecções, o perfil de risco cardiovascular e a elevada incidência de rejeição aguda permanecem os maiores problemas a serem equacionados nestes pacientes.

Recently kidney transplantation has become an accepted treatment modality for the treatment of HIV infected patients with end-stage renal diseases. For such treatment it is required stability of clinical and laboratory parameters related to HIV infection and the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy. In this report we present the first two cases in Brazil of patients with HIV infection transplanted with organs from deceased donors performed successfully in our institution. The interactions between immunosuppressive and antiretroviral drugs, the co-infections, cardiovascular risk profile and the high incidence of acute rejection remain the major problems to be dealt with in these patients.

Asociación entre el estado de infección por VIH y complicaciones infecciosas poscesárea electiva / Association between HIV infection status and infectious complications after an elective c-section

Objetivos. Determinar la asociación entre VIH y complicaciones infecciosas (CI) después de una cesárea electiva. Materiales y métodos. Estudio de cohortes no concurrentes; se revisaron las historias clínicas de 237 cesáreas electivas en gestantes VIH reactivas atendidas en el Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal de Perú, realizadas entre 2004 a 2012. Estas fueron pareadas por cirujano y fecha de cesárea con 237 gestantes VIH no reactivas. Se recogieron datos sociodemográficos, clínicos, características de la cesárea y relacionados a la infección por el VIH. Las CI se evaluaron según las recomendaciones del NHI Consensus Development Task Force. Se realizó el análisis bivariado con un nivel de significación del 5% y el cálculo del Odds Ratio (OR) con intervalo de confianza (IC) al 95%. Se construyó un modelo de regresión logística condicional. Resultados. El 13,9% de mujeres VIH positivas presentaron CI y 9,7% del grupo control (OR: 1,5 IC95% [0,9-2,7]); las expuestas (mujeres con VIH) tuvieron mayor probabilidad de tener una infección del tracto urinario (ITU) que las no expuestas (ORa: 4,5 IC95% [1,4-14,5]). Se encontró asociación entre CI y el tipo de incisión (ORa: 2,3 IC95% [1,1-4,5]) y el tiempo de hospitalización (6 frente a 3 días, p<0,001). Conclusiones. Las mujeres VIH positivas sin tratamiento antirretroviral tuvieron mayor riesgo de CI; aunque no se observó mayor riesgo global de CI en expuestas después de una cesárea electiva. El principal factor de riesgo asociado a una CI poscesárea electiva en mujeres VIH positivas fue el tipo de incisión.

Objectives: To determine the connection between HIV and infectious complications (IC) after an elective C-section. Materials and methods. A non-concurrent cohort study was conducted, in which the clinical records of 237 elective C-sections on HIV-positive pregnant women who gave birth at the Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal (National Maternal Perinatal Institute) between 2004 and 2012 were revised. The records were matched by surgeon and C-section date, with 237 HIV-negative pregnant women. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected, along with characteristics of the C-section and data related to the HIV infection. IC were evaluated according to the NIH Consensus Development Task Force. The descriptive analysis and the bivariate analysis were carried out with a significance level of 5% for the hypothesis tests and the calculation of the Odds Ratio (OR) with a confidence interval (CI) at 95%. A conditional logistic regression model was built. Results. IC were present in 13.9% of HIV-positive women and 9.7% of the control group (OR: 1.5 CI95% [0.9-2.7]); those who were exposed (women with HIV) were more likely to have a urinary tract infection (UTI) than those who were not exposed (ORa: 4.5 CI95% [1.4-14.5]). A connection was found between the IC and the type of incision (ORa: 2.3 CI95% [1.1-4.5]) and time of hospitalization (6 versus 3 days, p<0.001). Conclusions. Exposed women did not register a greater global risk of IC after an elective C-section; however, they were, indeed, more likely to get a UTI. Those HIV-positive women who were not receiving antiretroviral treatment were in greater risk of IC. The main risk factors associated with a post C-section IC in HIV-positive women were the type of incision, as well as the surgery time with the UTI.

Seropositivity of HIV and HBV Co-infection.

The rise of HIV as well as HBV infections in rural population is alarming. Different studies suggest, approximately one third of HIV infected individuals also harbour Hepatitis B virus simultaneously. Co-infection of HIV and HBV leads to complex immuno-pathological disease heralding poor prognosis. The present study was undertaken to ascertain sero-positivity of HIV and Hepatitis B virus co-infection in and around the rural area of Loni. The rate of sero-positivity for HIV infection was 2.61%; however, that of Hepatitis B was 1.26 %. The incidence of Hepatitis B in HIV infected individuals was found to be 2.5 %.

Complicaciones obstétricas y transmisión vertical en el embarazo de la mujer VIH positiva en el Hospital Roosevelt durante el año 2010 / Obstetric complications and vertical transmission in HIV-positive pregnant women in the Roosevelt Hospital in 2010

Objetivo: Describir las complicaciones obstétricas más frecuentes y la tasa de transmisión vertical en los recién nacidos de embarazos de las mujeres VIH positivas que se atienden en la Clínica de Enfermedades infecciosas del Hospital Roosevelt. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estrudio retrospectivo, observacional, transversal, en el cual se revisó la base de datos de casos obstétricos y pediátricos que se atendieron regularmente desde el año 2003 de la Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas del Hospital Roosevelt...